《红拂传》一名《风尘三侠》,这出戏远在民国十几年就由程砚秋推出了,那时他的艺名还是艳秋呢。当时系取材于唐人杜光庭的《虬髯客传》,是由大名士罗瘿公先生写编的。
剧情为,隋炀帝下扬州时,朝政由宰相杨素留守。当时天下纷纷,群雄并起。三原布衣李靖为盖世英雄,有天下志,往见杨素。相府有歌姬张凌华(即红拂)于侍宴时,窥见李靖,认为是天下英雄,心中默许。于是夜间乔装改扮,投奔李靖,遂订鸳盟。夜间二人双跨雕鞍直奔太原。旅舍之中巧遇虬髯客,相见之下意气相投遂订交焉。三人议定在太原会晤,同访李世民。虬髯客本有平定中原之大志,但在晤李世民后,自叹才能弗及,将来天下必为李有。李靖决心辅佐李氏。虬髯客归家尽将家财赠与李靖夫妇后,飘然而去不知所终。红拂最后以舞剑娱虬髯客以为谢,风尘三侠互道珍重而别。
全剧共分为十二场:第一场“李靖过江”、第二场“虬髯会徐洪客”、第三场“红拂自叹”、第四场“红拂侍宴初晤李靖”、第五场“夜奔李靖”、第六场“同走太原”、第七场“李世民往访刘文静”、第八场“李靖红拂星夜奔驰”、第九场“三侠巧遇”、第十场“三侠初访李世民”、第十一场“虬髯客邀李靖西京会晤”、第十二场“赠家财三侠拜别”。其中第三场是大段〔二黄慢板〕,第四场之拂舞,第十二场之舞剑均为红拂之重头戏,而全剧精华之所在则为第八场之趟马与第九场之“旅店相遇”。趟马一场,尤以李洪春与之搭配最为出色。“旅店”一场描述风尘三侠相会,虬髯公处处表演粗犷豪迈,仪态万方,为国剧中所罕见。此戏有两种演法,第一种即全头全尾,由第一场一直演到第十二场为止,在普通营业戏中,都是此种演法。第二种演法即由第八场李靖红拂趟马出场,演至舞剑完毕为止。此种演法多在义务戏或堂会中见之。这两种演法笔者都看过,而依笔者个人之意见,第二种演法,尤其精彩。因集中全力演后几场,更显得紧凑火炽。记得有一次是在北平第一舞台演大义务戏,前面有尚小云的《玉堂春》、杨小楼的《江都县》(即《恶虎村》),大轴是程砚秋、侯喜瑞、李洪春的《红拂传》。该次的《红拂传》,特别精彩,因为是压杨老板的台,是一份荣幸,所以个个卯上,才有出人意外的演出。那次就是由趟马一场演出,好看煞人也。
兹特此戏有关各场,就记忆之所能及,缕陈于次,以供爱好此剧者之参考。
第三场,亦即红拂出场之第一场,红拂女持红色拂尘在〔二黄慢板〕之过门中上场。头饰为水钻头面,身着藕荷色绣五彩花之披,外加黑软缎绣花之长坎肩。出场后先在九龙口站定,面带愁容,两目平视,然后依照〔慢板〕之固定台步,站在一处唱〔慢板〕一句,一直到最后归中坐定唱最后一句。其词句为:“在相府每日里承欢侍宴,也不过与众女斗宠争妍。虽然是舞衫中常承恩眷,辜负了红拂女锦瑟华年。对春光不由人芳心撩乱,想起了红颜老更有谁怜。”在这几句中,都是砚秋的基本程派花腔。“承欢侍宴”是一句委曲婉转的长腔,与《碧玉簪》中之第一句唱腔和《梅妃》中之“因风送听”是大同小异的。第五句“芳心撩乱”,也是一个低回的长腔,微若游丝,随风荡漾,若不胜其哀者,表出内心的沉思。
唱完坐小座,念一段白口略表家门。在念到“奴家性好书卷,爱习兵书,每闻呼唤之声,好不耐烦人也。”运用面目表情,道出个性,然后由侍女传唤,念:“正是:歌成金缕无人识,舞罢霓裳只自怜。”即独自下场。
第四场是拂舞的一场,先上杨素,念引子及定场诗,接着是表家门。于红拂上场后,命她歌舞一回,藉遣清兴。
红拂遵命与四歌姬一同起舞唱〔二六〕。其词曰:“见春光三月里百花开遍,”站在台中,执拂指花,众歌姬侍立在后一排。接唱:“撩人春色是今年。”转身扬拂过顶,一手执拂端,缓缓下蹲。接唱:“随风弱柳垂金线,灵和殿里学三眠。”移步至小边台口,众歌姬随上。用拂在左右旋转,然后翻身下腰,用右手支额蹲身作卧倒状。接唱:“红襟紫领衔泥燕,飞来飞去把花穿。”和众女编辫子,砚秋飞舞着红拂,移步到了大边台口斜身立定。然后接唱:“纷飞满地桃花片,一双双蝴蝶舞阶前。”唱时与众女分别三推手,在九龙口处抱肩斜身下蹲。接唱:“耳旁又听新莺啭,好一似珠喉一串圆。”移步至大边,将拂向后背搭至左臂之臂弯中亮相。接唱:“半空中又只见游丝百转,浑不觉迤逗坠花钿。”众女分列两边,红拂女站台中,身子旋转将红拂分别在左右舞动着。然后靠近杨素桌案前站定,结束了这一场歌舞。
以下便是李靖往拜杨素,杨相国即在花厅与之相见。红拂在旁见他人才出众,相貌堂堂,且听其言论,知非寻常之辈,窃心许之。在李靖离去时,红拂又从典吏处探知其行馆,并且念出下面一段白口说明她准备采取的行动。“哎呀且住!想我沉埋在此,终年歌舞,也不过是姬妾而已,终身断无出头之日。我看那李靖,是个盖世英雄,将来一定能成大业。我不免投奔于他,也不枉我平生志气。今晚夜阑人静,我便私出府门,投奔于他便了。哎呀,不好!府中禁卫森严,孤身女子,如何能够出去,哦有了。我不免先去盗取令箭,等候夜深人静,我便改换男装,扮作军官模样,混出府门便了。”以后便是照计行事,混出府门,投奔了李靖。第五场及第六场叙明红拂与李靖私订终身,结为夫妇并约定同往太原与刘文静相会。
第八场为李靖与红拂星夜奔驰,赴太原“趟马”的一场戏。最初为程配演李靖者为郭仲衡,郭之个头与程至为相配,唯郭为票友出身,身上的玩意儿,未见得地道,以后便换了李洪春。李以红生著名,文武老生亦相当不恶。在这场趟马的戏里,展露出他身上的功夫,干净利落,不瘟不火,恰到好处。出场时先闷帘唱〔西皮倒板〕。出场后二人轮唱〔西皮原板〕,且在〔慢长锤〕的锣鼓声中,扯四门亮相。二人搭配严谨,吃锣鼓亦严丝合缝,姿势多采取一高一低。砚秋的腰间腿上都呈现了真功夫,高姿如飞鹤腾空,低态如燕掠波平。在四个亮相之中,最美的一个是在大边台口。李靖手持马鞭上扬,来个金鸡独立,右腿直立,左腿悬起,头向下望,与红拂的目光正遇在一处。红拂女外罩着斗篷以右手斜持马鞭来一个“卧云儿”,抬头向上望着李靖,就在这个亮相上唱〔西皮原板〕。还有一个亮相是红拂扬鞭斜立,一手向外指两目平视,李靖则右手持鞭右腿向前弓,左腿横着劈开站定,亦向同一方向平视。只可惜这一场的词句已不能记忆了,而现在流行的本子又漏了这一场戏,变成不可考了。而这场戏是程、李二人的技艺表演,炉火纯青,不能再好。
二、小旅店三侠初相遇
第九场为旅店三侠相遇的一场戏。是全剧精华之所在,同时也是画龙点睛之处。此场台中摆着桌椅,大边台口设一桌一椅,桌上摆着梳妆用具。小边台口斜设一榻作为旅店之另一房间,这是象征式的简单布景。至于上下场与进门仍按台上之惯例。李靖与红拂来至店中这个房间,李靖出外洗马,红拂却在更衣梳妆,坐在大边,对镜理妆唱六句〔西皮原板〕。唱毕即上虬髯公。虬髯公一角必须由著名武二花侯喜瑞担任。笔者看过的《红拂传》,都是由侯饰此角儿。据称如无侯为之配,程宁可不唱此戏,其分量之重可知矣。虬髯身着黑色开氅,手持革囊上。问过店家,进得店房便飞跃纵身上床斜身卧倒,将革囊扔至一旁。身手矫健,气度豪迈。英雄气概,溢于言表。此种表情,非侯莫属,不作第二人想也。以下一段对白,写出三侠会晤情形。
虬髯 噫嘻,好一个绝色女子,这是哪里来的?
〔此时李靖洗马回来行至门首,怒视虬髯,意欲拔剑,红拂向其摇手止之,寻思起立。
红拂(背念)我看此人定是个英雄豪杰,待我向前问过。
虬髯(背念)我看这女子,神采非常,一定是个奇女子,她是什么样人。
红拂(移步至虬髯公面前施一万福)请问尊客上姓?
虬髯(答揖)俺姓张。
红拂 啊!尊客姓张,妾身也姓张,可是一家了。尊客排行第几?(面作惊喜状,两眼灵活运用。绽出媚笑)
虬髯 排行第三。
红拂 呀,三兄。
红拂 小妹居长。
虬髯 如此,是一妹了。幸会幸会。(说时大笑)
虬髯 有礼。敢问上姓?
虬髯 原来是药师兄,幸会幸会。
虬髯 俺张仲坚。
李靖 原来是虬髯公。今日幸会,真乃可喜之至也。
虬髯 一妹是李兄何人?
虬髯(哈哈狂笑,豪迈之气毕露)“好一对美满的夫妻,可喜可贺。
红拂 张三兄请上坐。
虬髯 大家同坐。
于是虬髯中坐,李靖、红拂分别左右坐下。以下便是他们饮酒谈心结为生死之交的对白了。在以上这段念白里,最要紧的是他们三人的面目表情以及每人不同之风格。虬髯在眉宇之间以及身手动作上,完全是古之狂士,侠骨天成。程则尽量运用他的一双媚眼,显露红拂的聪明智慧。李洪春则在出入进退之间,表露他的英雄本色,三人对白时强而有力,紧扣心弦。虬髯于革囊内取出人头放置桌上时更透出他的粗犷。饮酒食肉犹如风卷残云,不愧为风尘中的侠客。待三人计议已定,分别在太原往会李世民。虬髯客上马之身段,有如疾风骤雨,煞是好看。李靖与红拂二人于下场时,扬鞭踢腿、“鹞子翻身”,吃锣鼓之严,无以复加。于掌声雷动之中,结束了这场三侠初会的好戏。第十场是叙述虬髯公到了太原和他的朋友徐洪客在汾阳桥下等候李靖夫妇到来。会面之后红拂先离去,其余三人同去拜访刘文静,请为介绍李世民。见面之后李世民与徐洪客对弈。在对弈时,虬髯公发现李之雄才大略,将来定中原,非李氏莫属。于是辞别诸位英雄,与徐洪客相继离去。
三、虬髯客海外图大举
第十一场是描述虬髯客如何决心离开中原,另寻世界。上场唱〔摇板〕。其词曰:“看中原归李氏棋局难改,好江山今有主早已安排。实指望做神龙飞腾巨海,又谁知李世民命世奇才。倘若是我与他争夺不解,苦了他众黎民再受兵灾。我只得去他方别寻世界,又岂肯更低头拜伏尘埃。”侯老板嗓音沙哑,但这几句唱得是浑厚天成,狂傲豪放。虬髯煽动,目似铜铃,确把虬髯的性格活化了,较他饰演的窦尔墩,有过之而无不及,为侯伶最对工的一出戏了。李靖随后赶来问他因何急忙先行离去?虬髯不欲明言,仅请他与红拂前去西京在他家相见并告有要事商谈。第十二场,亦即全剧最后一场。李靖夫妇来到张府。虬髯公设宴款待,席间虬髯公宣布了他的政纲。坐在下席念:“贤弟、一妹,愚兄生平立志不小,要作中原之主。谁想众望所归,那李世民已占先筹。此处中原,无有我立足之地。我要去到海上,别图大举。家财数百万,已无用处,不如全数赠与一妹,做个妆奁,也略表愚兄一点诚意。一妹不必推辞了。”红拂再三推辞,然虬髯三兄一再坚持,红拂与李靖也只好应允。
红拂念:“今日之会,非比寻常,张三兄如此高义,弟妹等无以为报。小妹自幼学习剑法,意欲当场献丑,舞剑一回与三兄醒酒,不知三兄肯赐教否?”
虬髯念:“正要领教。侍女与李夫人更衣。”这时程老板外穿一身红光鱼鳞式的亮片女铠甲,内着红软缎绣花的袄裤,头面上有亮红缨一只,颤动发光。手持合在一起的双剑在席前站定。在叫起板来之后,胡琴奏〔南梆子〕的长过门儿。红拂唱〔南梆子〕其词曰:“在筵前用双手分开两剑,好一似双飞燕戏舞阶前。既不是化龙形空中百变,又不是白猿女道法相传。也不是留仙裙回风自转。也不是汉宫中人柳三眠。多感他张三兄深恩不浅,这一别再相逢不知何年。”
程氏的剑套子与梅老板的手法不同,而在台上的地位则差不多。他所采取的站法,也是梅花式。即以台中为中心,以台的四角为重心。用各种身段将其连贯为一朵梅花。程氏个子高,故立式较少。他的腿上工夫“硬是要得”,所以采用蹲或卧式较多。若论腕上工夫他不及梅氏,他有时出剑不能平行,即为明证。但他的动作较快,足以遮丑,这也是他聪明之处。兹将大致身段描绘如下:唱第一句时抡剑,分剑,转身,“卧云儿”,将两剑斜举,一剑过头。唱第二句时,将剑分在左右旋转,并配合剑式转身在小边台口蹲身亮相,将双剑交叉在头上方作一斜十字。唱第三及第四句时是用“鹞子翻身”的身段,将剑一前一后的分别向前冲刺,再移身到大边台口,将两剑平举蹲身亮相。在翻身时,鱼鳞甲张开,目随剑转,纯见功夫。唱第五第六两句时系双手涮剑左右回旋在台中有一小亮相,双剑分别反刺,然后跃起,转向小边九龙口处,将双剑交叉到地“卧云儿”儿亮相。
唱第七句时是在大边台中亮相,身段已经不能记忆了。最后圆场归中,合剑亮相。这个亮相与梅之《霸王别姬》中唱〔二六〕开始的亮相同。以后便是奏〔夜深沉〕曲子的舞剑了。他的剑套子,似较梅为简单。所用的剑似较梅为短。或许因为他的身子长,所以就显得剑短了些。他刺剑、涮剑、抡剑的尺寸都相当的快,腕子上亦见功夫。但有时出剑不能平行,在动作的美观方面,就要大打折扣了。因他深具太极拳的工夫,所以在推手、踢腿方面显得特别中看。他虽然在中年后身体发福,显得是膀大腰圆,但他在翻身、下腰等动作上,还是很干净利落,并不虚应故事。
最为难能可贵者,是他在这场时间较久的歌舞之中,声不嘶、力不竭、不喘气、不颜汗。这就看出他的深厚功底来了。
记得有一次是在北平中和戏园看他的《红拂传》,正是溽暑熏蒸的六月天气,他还是从容依旧。舞毕之后,侯伶抚髯大笑,完全发自肺腑。此点纵是小节,但他丝毫也不放过,令人过瘾的地方,就在此处。
临别之时,虬髯念:“贤弟、一妹,愚兄此去,今日不能相见。他日东海之上,有传闻异事,乃愚兄得意之秋,那时贤弟一妹可以酌酒遥贺。愚兄就此去也。”然后于唱两句〔散板〕之后跨马扬鞭,叱咤风云而去,这时台下一定是有彩的。
作配脚,能到如此抢镜头的程度,亦属不得多见也。综观《红拂传》一剧,虽不失为一出每演必满的好戏,但仍属人保戏的一种。如换了一个虬髯公或不再是李洪春的李靖,那这出戏就会相形失色而引不起高潮,所谓戏在人演,诚哉斯言矣。
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caret-Color: rgb(0, 122, 170); font-Family: "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-align: left; background-Color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overFlow-wrap: break-word !important; Color: rgb(0, 122, 170); font-size: 12px; visibility: visible;" data-darkmode-bgColor-16121521611858="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16121521611858="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16121521611858="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16121521611858="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16121644773197="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16121644773197="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16121644773197="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16121644773197="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16128497585403="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16128497585403="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16128497585403="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16128497585403="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16148391905799="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16148391905799="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16148391905799="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16148391905799="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16149136484808="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16149136484808="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16149136484808="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16149136484808="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16151662999393="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16151662999393="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16151662999393="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16151662999393="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16152527512789="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16152527512789="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16152527512789="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16152527512789="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)|rgb(0, 122, 170)">本文原载《中外杂志》第29卷第4期
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letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-align: left; background-Color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overFlow-wrap: break-word !important; Color: rgb(0, 122, 170); font-size: 12px; visibility: visible;" data-darkmode-bgColor-16121521611858="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16121521611858="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16121521611858="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16121521611858="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16121644773197="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16121644773197="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16121644773197="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16121644773197="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16128497585403="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16128497585403="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16128497585403="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16128497585403="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16148391905799="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16148391905799="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16148391905799="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16148391905799="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16149136484808="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16149136484808="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16149136484808="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16149136484808="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16151662999393="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16151662999393="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16151662999393="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16151662999393="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-bgColor-16152527512789="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16152527512789="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16152527512789="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16152527512789="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)">Color-16152527512789="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16152527512789="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16152527512789="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16152527512789="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)">Color-16115549232751="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgColor-16115549232751="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-Color-16115549232751="rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-darkmode-original-Color-16115549232751="#fff|rgb(0, 122, 170)" data-style="max-width: 100%; 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牧这一邑寂寞的民
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我与张火丁的合作是无可替代的
少年人的豪气是放着光的
这个杀手心太软
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裘继戎《惊鸿》:一句刺向灵魂利刃般的唱词
如果不愿当其为一种品质,算作技能也好