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一
花旦戏以表现男女爱情者居多,表达女子内心情窦的也为数不少。要描摹女子闺中秘不可宣的心情,是一种不好掌握分寸的表演。这种表演在戏剧界内统称“思春”。
也许“思春”这名称听起来有些不雅,这是传统戏里的术语问题,这里暂且袭用,不去管它。但是我想,既然要演妇女,就要反映女子的内心感情,因为它是戏曲中不能缺少和回避的表现手段。“思春”是一种传统的表演技巧,也是多少年来老一辈的演员精心创造出来的艺术财富。演好了,确实能抒发女子内心的感情,而演得肉麻,也会降低格调。
因此,有些花旦演员对这种表演视为畏途,甚至因噎废食,把“思春”的表演束之高阁。每遇戏中有“思春”的时候,都略去不演,或者连整个场子都删掉,这样未免可惜。我认为关键在于应该动动脑筋,想办法如何把“思春”演好,而不应简单从事,一删了之。
“思春”作为一种传统表演技巧,来自旧社会,其中必然是好恶参半,既有精华又有糟粕。因此亦应本着去芜存精的原则,可取之处吸取发扬,不足或应弃之处进行改革,再创造,拿新的代替旧的。任何艺术都是多少年来不断改革、不断创造而日趋完整、丰富的。传统艺术中,不合新的美学观点的确实不在少数,如果只知删除,不知丰富的话,将来艺术遗产越来越少,岂不更糟了吗?
在传统“思春”的演法中,往往强调男女爱情方面过多,多方面反映女性心理矛盾较少。之所以形成这种偏向,主要是由于旧日戏班里没有女角,无论生、旦、净、丑都由男角扮演。当时台下又不卖女座,因此表演上没有什么顾忌。又兼那些有闲阶级穷极无聊,专想在戏中寻找情欲、刺激,和某些演员无原则地迎合他们心理,以致把些色情、低级趣味的东西混入到真正的艺术中去了。这在目前演员水平、观众水平普遍提高,对艺术的要求也随之提高的情况下,在演出中剔除糟粕尤为重要。所以一个严肃的演员应该改变这种情况,在传统戏中不断补充新的内容、新的技巧,使人们得到真正的艺术上的享受。
《战宛城》中邹氏的“思春”,我已有专文论述,所以这里只谈其他三出戏里“思春”的一些演法。《虹霓关》里的东方氏是比较年轻的妇人,而且身富武艺,与丈夫辛闻礼同镇虹霓关。我演时,当东方氏在阵前寻找杀夫仇人,提名单叫王伯党出战时,完全是满腔怒气,想一枪把仇人刺死,替丈夫报仇雪恨。及至一见王伯党的一表人才,威武英俊,立刻表示一惊,身子前后一晃,动了爱慕之心。可是大仇在身,觉着不能有这种想法,于是用眼睛向下左右一看自己身上的孝服,乃下定决心要和王伯党分个你死我活。可是抬头再和王伯党一对脸,刚才下定的决心又全被王伯党的英俊神态冲散了,舍不得忍心杀死他,从这儿起便不把真心放在打仗上,而是处处在王伯党面前卖弄自己的娇柔妩媚、武艺精绝,以打动王伯党怜爱之心。所以这里用的打法是文打,动作很缓慢,这种打法是与真实情况符合的。继而重新想到,丈夫现在已然死了,为他守节有什么用呢。起誓发愿不过说说而已,不必那么认真,再说哪能那么巧,起誓日后准能应誓呢。事情既已如此,王伯党已经擒了回来,岂能轻易放过,于是一狠心抛去那些纠缠,一心一意的要进行与王伯党的婚事。表现这种矛盾心情时要不时用眼睛斜睨扔在地上的绣球。先是稍微一瞟,就把视线移回,恐怕自己刚刚安定的心又被绣球勾去。表现出既不想看又抑制不住自己的感情,想看又怕看了之后心里更放不下的复杂心情。当最后决心下定,才用眼睛柔媚的去看地上的绣球,轻轻的走过去,小心翼翼地把绣球从地上捡起来,爱抚一番,好象很有抱歉的意思。这是因为在东方氏眼里,绣球已然人格化了,完全把它当成王伯党看。唱头一句:“替人家守门户百无聊赖”时,要表示出自己伤感与无聊,将双手并拳在胸前左右摇摆,形容心情苦闷无法排遣。第二句:“镇日里坐香闺愁上心来”,是由柳湘莲引起的伤感身世与思念意中人纠缠在一起,使得自己春愁万绪,随唱随用两手回指自己胸前,脸上也表现出愁容。下边第三句:“那一日看戏文把人恋爱”,便直接涉及柳湘莲了,这里要随念夹白回忆柳湘莲的一切,把往日看戏的印象拉回来重新温赏,从身段作派上描摹柳湘莲在堂会串演《雅观楼》的举止、神态。接上第四句:“你看他雄赳赳一表人才”,随唱要张开两臂,端端双肩,显出威武雄壮的劲儿。尤三姐的“思春”,先是因柳湘莲引起自伤身世,境遇不佳;因伤感身世、境遇,更加重对柳湘莲的幻想。但想到只是自己爱对方,不知道人家对自己有心无心,是不是也同样喜欢自己时,从眼神、身段上都要显示出无所适从的样子。这种错综复杂的心情在演尤三姐“思春”时是必须表达出来的。不能简单地着重贪恋柳湘莲姿容相貌上。或在唱到“那一日看戏文把人恋爱”等句,故意摇头晃脑,抖肩耸膀,咬唇咧嘴狠狠地撕手绢,甚至把整个身子扭摆不停,好象迫不及待的样子,格调就低多了。-END-
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